In response to my friend and teacher who Tarí Felipe Sigüenza I called in his day a post about an unknown aspect of the Second Republic or the Civil War: I begin by saying there is no need to dig too will find yourself characters or themes treated little or nothing about that period. I looked at several candidates for the final post and I could not decide between the literary and academic stature Manuel Azana or military importance and intellectual stature of Vicente Rojo. I finally decided on the second character, leaving the first for an upcoming post.
previously warn that my post does not intend to contribute anything to his biography and who want to quickly know something about this character can make it through Wikipedia, whose article on Vicente Rojo is quite interesting. My intention is to highlight those points most interesting biographical and easily linkable with Civil War issues as well as add some little known or unknown data on the character.
Vicente Rojo Lluch was born in Fuente La Higuera (Valencia) in 1894 and came from military family, which, together with the family famine drove him to follow family tradition and became a cadet in the Infantry Academy in Toledo in the which appeared in number 4 of about 400 cadets. After leaving the Academy went one time to Morocco and in 1922 returned to the Infantry Academy, but as a teacher and that's when Red starts to emerge as a model military.
already in his time as a cadet read the book "Cadets" of teachers and Angulo Ibañez which in this work trying to instil in students a spirit of army submitted to the will of the people and government power, thus rejecting the vigilante army role of the judiciary. It was to create a modern army, not only in the tactical and material but also ideologically. I must add that this idea runs against the philosophy of African soldiers practiced their particular colonial war in Morocco and had wrapped so pleased our king Alfonso XIII. Featured African military would be Franco, Millán Astray, Yagüe, Mola etc ...; casually Red opponents in the subsequent Civil War.
As a teacher, Emilio Rojo Alamán created with his friend and dearest companion, which is called Military Bibliographic Library, a monthly magazine that was obtained by subscription and achieved great success and spin. It continued the idea of \u200b\u200band Angulo Ibañez and reported on tactics and methods of modern European armies of the time. I must point out a curious, is that some time later, in the civil conflict, and Red Alamán agreed on the battlefield. Ala as a defender of the Alcazar of Toledo and the same red as the attacker. Moreover, both discussed for a moment about the surrender of it, something that never happened.
In February 1936, Vicente Rojo receives the Popular Front victory and was named commander arrives in October 1937 to be general and not only that but being still colonel and was Chief of General Staff of Armed Forces Chief E jército Staff of Earth. For non-experts in military terminology, this means being the head of the Army of the Republic being just below the War Minister, the Prime Minister and the President of the Republic. Prior to this had been the general's right hand Miaja in the defense of Madrid where he honed his organizing power coming to win the respect of friends and strangers.
The theme of the rapid advancement in the military is a controversial topic since long before the war there were tensions within the military institution because of the rapid advancement on merit of war (not always shown), which left the complete humiliation to those who hoped his promotion by seniority. Primo de Rivera attempted to create a commission to oversee these promotions but remained a dead letter until the military reform in the biennium Manuel Azana Republican reformer (1931 -1933).
During the Civil War itself, this issue was more relevant than ever on both sides. Let me explain.
In the insurgent side, there was a shortage of middle managers, lead wires between the officers and NCOs and troops. Thus was created the body of provisional lieutenants. To enter academies lieutenants required only basic high school diploma and pass a course of 24 days. Was 30 days later. This course as well as their entry requirements, duration and commitments were modified following the evolution of the race. The highlight was the fact that the Falange and the Carlist tried to create their own provisional ensigns academies that Franco was against the overwhelming unifying spirit.
On the Republican side, officers were required prepared and was found in the enthusiasm of many militants a huge sack of candidates. Republican leaders demonstrated great value came directly from civilian life and militia. Highlights Cipriano Mera, Valentin Gonzalez, Durruti, Enrique Lister, etc ... but the Republican military training paradigm represents the Fifth Regiment, sponsored by the PCE and formed many troops as oficiales.De Similarly, in the Republican field created, with some improvisation-called People's War School. Republicans airmen were sent in six months Mayoi Russia and a few of them to France.
But back to the Red figure who raised a number of battles to stop the thrust of Franco and that on paper are commendable tactical. Jarama, Guadalajara, Brunete, Belchite, Teruel and Ebro are some battles where Red worked as a planner, and although some ended up in tables or slow losses should not be attributed to red but the complexity and organizational failings of the complex military machine Republican army was mounting a starting almost from scratch and still had three years of time to prevent the Republican cause perish.
After the fall of Catalonia in February 1939, Red was exiled to France a short time and left for Buenos Aires but it was in Bolivia, where from 1943 to 1945 he taught at the School of staff being recognized the rank of general in the English army.
in 1957 is allowed to return to Spain where he was finally pardoned by a life sentence that hung over him as a "helper of the rebellion" (ie, helper to the Republican revolt against the Motion). It is known Franco's sentence on the record of Red, which is written in the handwriting of the Dictator "denying the bread and butter." To all this, militarily only recognized him as a former commander of the Republican Army (before graduation Uprising) and only got to his death in Madrid in June 1966 a few terse comments in some newspapers of the scheme, and a small recognition of reduced Franco's military group that praised its value as a military. Vicente Rojo
fundamental wrote three books are "Warning the peoples" (1939), "Heroic Spain" (1961) and "So was the defense of Madrid" (1967). On her figure
highlight two great books. "Vicente Rojo, portrait of a general Republican" by Jose Andres Rojo, "Vicente Rojo, the general who humbled Franco Carlos Blanco Escola.
are still many things to say about Vicente Rojo. Only three short notes, which each of them separately would for many items. The first point is that Vicente Rojo, chief of the army general "red" always was a practicing Catholic. The second point is that he studied at West Point (U.S.) in the section on tactics and defense. The third point is that it is regarded in the world of military historians as the greatest twentieth-century English military and the best in the history of our country.
previously warn that my post does not intend to contribute anything to his biography and who want to quickly know something about this character can make it through Wikipedia, whose article on Vicente Rojo is quite interesting. My intention is to highlight those points most interesting biographical and easily linkable with Civil War issues as well as add some little known or unknown data on the character.
Vicente Rojo Lluch was born in Fuente La Higuera (Valencia) in 1894 and came from military family, which, together with the family famine drove him to follow family tradition and became a cadet in the Infantry Academy in Toledo in the which appeared in number 4 of about 400 cadets. After leaving the Academy went one time to Morocco and in 1922 returned to the Infantry Academy, but as a teacher and that's when Red starts to emerge as a model military.
already in his time as a cadet read the book "Cadets" of teachers and Angulo Ibañez which in this work trying to instil in students a spirit of army submitted to the will of the people and government power, thus rejecting the vigilante army role of the judiciary. It was to create a modern army, not only in the tactical and material but also ideologically. I must add that this idea runs against the philosophy of African soldiers practiced their particular colonial war in Morocco and had wrapped so pleased our king Alfonso XIII. Featured African military would be Franco, Millán Astray, Yagüe, Mola etc ...; casually Red opponents in the subsequent Civil War.
As a teacher, Emilio Rojo Alamán created with his friend and dearest companion, which is called Military Bibliographic Library, a monthly magazine that was obtained by subscription and achieved great success and spin. It continued the idea of \u200b\u200band Angulo Ibañez and reported on tactics and methods of modern European armies of the time. I must point out a curious, is that some time later, in the civil conflict, and Red Alamán agreed on the battlefield. Ala as a defender of the Alcazar of Toledo and the same red as the attacker. Moreover, both discussed for a moment about the surrender of it, something that never happened.
In February 1936, Vicente Rojo receives the Popular Front victory and was named commander arrives in October 1937 to be general and not only that but being still colonel and was Chief of General Staff of Armed Forces Chief E jército Staff of Earth. For non-experts in military terminology, this means being the head of the Army of the Republic being just below the War Minister, the Prime Minister and the President of the Republic. Prior to this had been the general's right hand Miaja in the defense of Madrid where he honed his organizing power coming to win the respect of friends and strangers.
The theme of the rapid advancement in the military is a controversial topic since long before the war there were tensions within the military institution because of the rapid advancement on merit of war (not always shown), which left the complete humiliation to those who hoped his promotion by seniority. Primo de Rivera attempted to create a commission to oversee these promotions but remained a dead letter until the military reform in the biennium Manuel Azana Republican reformer (1931 -1933).
During the Civil War itself, this issue was more relevant than ever on both sides. Let me explain.
In the insurgent side, there was a shortage of middle managers, lead wires between the officers and NCOs and troops. Thus was created the body of provisional lieutenants. To enter academies lieutenants required only basic high school diploma and pass a course of 24 days. Was 30 days later. This course as well as their entry requirements, duration and commitments were modified following the evolution of the race. The highlight was the fact that the Falange and the Carlist tried to create their own provisional ensigns academies that Franco was against the overwhelming unifying spirit.
On the Republican side, officers were required prepared and was found in the enthusiasm of many militants a huge sack of candidates. Republican leaders demonstrated great value came directly from civilian life and militia. Highlights Cipriano Mera, Valentin Gonzalez, Durruti, Enrique Lister, etc ... but the Republican military training paradigm represents the Fifth Regiment, sponsored by the PCE and formed many troops as oficiales.De Similarly, in the Republican field created, with some improvisation-called People's War School. Republicans airmen were sent in six months Mayoi Russia and a few of them to France.
But back to the Red figure who raised a number of battles to stop the thrust of Franco and that on paper are commendable tactical. Jarama, Guadalajara, Brunete, Belchite, Teruel and Ebro are some battles where Red worked as a planner, and although some ended up in tables or slow losses should not be attributed to red but the complexity and organizational failings of the complex military machine Republican army was mounting a starting almost from scratch and still had three years of time to prevent the Republican cause perish.
After the fall of Catalonia in February 1939, Red was exiled to France a short time and left for Buenos Aires but it was in Bolivia, where from 1943 to 1945 he taught at the School of staff being recognized the rank of general in the English army.
in 1957 is allowed to return to Spain where he was finally pardoned by a life sentence that hung over him as a "helper of the rebellion" (ie, helper to the Republican revolt against the Motion). It is known Franco's sentence on the record of Red, which is written in the handwriting of the Dictator "denying the bread and butter." To all this, militarily only recognized him as a former commander of the Republican Army (before graduation Uprising) and only got to his death in Madrid in June 1966 a few terse comments in some newspapers of the scheme, and a small recognition of reduced Franco's military group that praised its value as a military. Vicente Rojo
fundamental wrote three books are "Warning the peoples" (1939), "Heroic Spain" (1961) and "So was the defense of Madrid" (1967). On her figure
highlight two great books. "Vicente Rojo, portrait of a general Republican" by Jose Andres Rojo, "Vicente Rojo, the general who humbled Franco Carlos Blanco Escola.
are still many things to say about Vicente Rojo. Only three short notes, which each of them separately would for many items. The first point is that Vicente Rojo, chief of the army general "red" always was a practicing Catholic. The second point is that he studied at West Point (U.S.) in the section on tactics and defense. The third point is that it is regarded in the world of military historians as the greatest twentieth-century English military and the best in the history of our country.
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